Open source software

The average computer user has a large amount of software that he bought long time ago and today he doesn’t use them anymore. Perhaps he upgraded his computer, or changed the manufacturer and after that the program no longer worked. Computer software may be outdated. The program may simply not do what the user needs. Maybe he bought two or more computers and he doesn’t want to pay for another copy of the software. Whatever the reason is, the software that was bought long ago today no longer serves the purpose. Should that happen?

open source software

What if you had the right to receive a free upgrade every time your software needs it? What if you could transfer the free version of the software after switching from Mac to PC? If the software isn’t working, or it isn’t strong enough, what if you could make it better or even if you could be able to customize it yourself? What if you could use your software on a computer in the office, at home desktop computer and on a laptop instead of just on one computer? Probably you still use the software that you bought a long time ago. These are some of the rights which the open source software gives you.

The definition of open source is the monument of rights of computer users. It defines certain rights that license the software must be approved in order to be considered open source license. For those who do not prepare their applications with open source it is increasingly difficult to compete with those who do, as users begin to appreciate the rights that they should always have. Programs such as the Linux operating system or Netscape web browser have become hugely popular, replacing other software with restrictive licenses. Companies that use open source software are in advantage because of their very rapid development, often the cooperation of several companies, along with the great contribution of individuals who simply need to improve for their own needs.

Open source support

Volunteers who enabled products such as Linux do exist. Companies are able to cooperate just because of the rights that go with open source. An average computer programmer would feel stupid if you put a lot of work in the program that the program owner would then sell without having something in return. These are the same developers willing to contribute to open source software because they have a guarantee of following rights:

• the right to make copies of the program and distribution of those copies,
• right to access to the source of software code, a necessary condition before it can be changed,
• right to improve the program.

Open source

These rights are important to the contributors to the software because all associates are held on an equal level. Anyone who wishes it is allowed the sell other open source software, the prices will be low, and development needed to reach new markets fast. Anyone who invests time in learning about an open-source program can provide support for it, allowing users the option of independent support, or the benefit of a larger number of support providers who compete with each other. Each developer can customize the open source software to certain markets in order to gain new users. People who do this are not required to pay copyright fees or license fees.

E -government

The development of e-government and service levels of interaction between the target groups are presented in the following four phases:
E government means government presence on the internet that provides the public, first of all citizens and businesses ( G2C and G2B ) , relevant information . This Internet presentation format is similar to the government handout . The value that the public has of this is the public availability: processes are explained and more transparent , contributing to democratization , but also more efficient provision of services. Compared G2G various public institutions can through other electronic media institutions distribute their static info .

The interaction between the government and the public ( G2C and G2B ) is stimulated by a variety of applications . People can ask questions via e – mail, search the database , upload and record forms and documents , giving them significant time savings compared to the performance of these activities are also provided . All the information is available 24 hours a day , while at the counter could get only during working hours. This phase of the interaction G2G means the use of local area networks and exchange data via e – mail or internet applications.

Increases the complexity of the technology , it is assumed that all transactions can be done without leaving the office. At this stage the government make available services such as tax returns , renewal of licenses , teaching various claims or electronic voting . The third phase is the most challenging technology , and includes the exercise of legislative and other prerequisites that could be implemented . Given the degree to which the public shall interactions with the government , the implementation of an electronic signature , and take all measures to protect privacy and ensure the protection of data , and provide a legal framework for the legal transfer of these services.

By this stage comes when you integrate all information systems and the public can get all the services at one virtual counter. At this stage, it is needed to reduce costs , increase efficiency , and customer satisfaction reaches its highest level . Unique starting point for all services is the ultimate goal of all e – government initiatives . The biggest risk factor in achieving this goal is on the side of the government because it involves a drastic change in the culture , processes and accountability within government institutions . This goal is impossible to achieve without changing work habits and public servants , and without the introduction of new models of cooperation among them. You also have to be sure that you are safe online and not being spied by someone or something! As the technology is developing so are the computer software. The biggest risk when it comes to your private information is the keylogger. The keylogger software is used to record and track all of information and date that you have typed through the keyboard. The keylogger is tricky and it can be very hard to detect it and remove it.

Today’s world is developing technology. Information is on every corner , everywhere they can be found . The Government therefore seeks to provide a better access to citizens in the most accessible place on the Internet . Access to information , notification and resolution processes that would otherwise have lasted much longer. Such people have the ability to deal with over the internet available to them when it suits them , at any time, 24 hours a day , 7 days a week. Citizens have also free access to information and knowledge . Citizens will be able to accept new business and technology , which is actually a need for further progress in society and the progress of society itself . The introduction of this service improves information and service delivery , to allow citizens to participate in decision-making .

BENEFITS of G2C

Unlike the PC, whose parts can be found in a wide range of manufacturers from around the world , Macintosh opted for a closed architecture and specific standards and therefore much more expensive and not widely deployed . Not with standing this shortcoming , it still holds a large share of the market for reasons of reliability and excellent operating system .

It is important to note that in March, 2006. kind of revolution occurred when the Macs were in question. Until then, Apple computers, based on Motorola’s processors , switched to Intel processors , which practically opened the door for the use of the Mac OS and the ” normal ” PCs. Until then, the only version of the Mac OS and the PC were one illegal ” crack pattern files ” versions . From that moment , unsurpassed Windows OS has finally got a strong competitor .

More interesting is the fact that since 2006. I offered the Apple software “Boot Camp ” which allows you to use Windows OS on Mac computers.

As we said before the operating system is one of the crucial parts of the computer. Without an operating system and application programs , the computer is just a bunch of useless electronics. Without the operating system , application software would not be able to use the resources of the computer.

At the very decision on the purchase of computers , we have to decide and for the operating system that we use . Depending on the platform we choose, we offer a large number of operating systems .

 

G2C includes a number of services and information provided by the government to businesses and citizens .

The most common services to the public in areas related to :

– Employment ,
– Social benefits ,
– Personal documents ,
– Vehicle registration ,
– Building permits ,
– Income tax ,
– Application / residence ,
– Notifying the police
– Public Libraries
– Issue the certificates
– Enrollment in higher education
– Health care providers and others .

BENEFITS of G2C :

– Ease of service
– Ease of use
– Automation
– Reducing the time and cost

The process of maturation of e-governance initiatives are taking place in four phases . Most governments began providing electronic information intended for different target groups . Over time, public pressure and the desire to increase internal efficiency require a more complex distribution services . This process is carried out in stages in which different services are becoming available gradually . Range of services that the government decides to offer electronically depends on two factors: one is the public demand for a particular service , and the other is to reduce internal costs .

MAC OS

It can be said that today’s Linux in relation to any operating system supports the widest range of processors and computer architecture . So sad for Linux there are a huge number of applications and the number is growing every day . Almost everything you need is there for Linux , most of these applications are free. There is no field of use in which Linux can successfully be used to replace other systems , especially with the possibility that in rare cases when there is an application for Linux , the same can successfully run on a large number of OS emulator that emulates the work of other operating systems ( DOS , Windows , MacOS , AmigaOS … ) .

In the end we can say that there are commercial Linux distributions such as Red Hat , Mandrake , and SuSE and so on, providing a large number of intuitive graphical configuration tools , so that setup and administer the system down to a couple of mouse clicks and makes the transition from , say , MS Windows to Linux very easy and almost imperceptible . There are also Linux distributions like Slackware or Debian GNU / Linux held tradition and security, and require a little more knowledge of the above , but you do not have to be experts in Linux to use them successfully .

Anyway , whatever Linux distribution you choose, you will not regret because you will be at the present time when the ” Keep the OS legal” certainly pay off .

MAC OS

Apple Macintosh family of computers was developed by the U.S. company Apple Computer . This computer was put on sale in the U.S. 24 January , in 1984. , and was the first consumer computer that had a graphical interface and a computer mouse , then instead of the standard text interface.

For the development of Macintosh hardware and software are responsible Bill Atkinson , Chris Espinosa , Joanna Hoffman , George Crow , Burrell Smith , Jerry Manock , Jef Raskin and Andy Hertzfeld . Their goal was to work on the computer so much easier to just use the graphical interface ( by then the MS -DOS was the most common ) .

It is interesting to say that on the market Apple leads the largest battle with Microsoft , who allegedly stole the first Macintosh graphic design (in the world there is still ongoing debate about the details of the past ) .

 

LINUX

It is enough to double click the mouse on the icon and the document will be automatically launched the program in which the document was created , and will be loaded and the document itself . This procedure makes it easier to work because it does not require knowledge of the procedure to run the program and procedure of loading the file .

Windows is the “first ” real operating system of modern design and outstanding performance . It has vertical compatibility , which means that it can run on all programs written for DOS and earlier versions of Windows. Options for Windows are huge , because its programs are interrupted relationship with the old rules and use new features of the operating system .

Windows has evolved through the generations which are also called versions , starting from the first beyond the accepted version 3.0 through version 3:11 , after which the development is divided into two completely separate and parallel lines : Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME and Windows NT , Windows 2000, Windows XP , Windows Vista and Windows 7

LINUX

Linux is a newer operating system and was based on Unix, but he is way different . Cheap to install and maintain, stable , can be applied to multiple platforms and most importantly is an open system and allows updates and additions.

 

It was created by a young Finn , then a student Linus Torvalds in 1991. at the University of Helsinki. Torvalds operating system was released on the Internet and encouraged other developers around the world to join its further development . Soon , Linux has become very popular among computer enthusiasts searching for an alternative solution to existing operating systems for PCs (DOS , Windows) . His concept of stable and low-cost operating system underwent a major expansion and popularity .

Although the first version of the system based on the Linux, Kernel was very repulsive to ordinary users due to a very complicated interface , the situation has significantly changed over the last few years due to a powerful X Window graphics system ( a very effective and intuitive GUI interface ) .

Otherwise , the term means the only Linux kernel ( the core, ie . Core operating system ) . All other programs that are in the Linux operating systems are independent products of other organizations or individuals (mostly released under the GNU General Public License). Such a set of core system software , kernel and other application software called GNU / Linux distribution . All Linux distributions are more or less similar to each other and mainly differ only in the configuration and the applications and versions of applications that are offered.

Microsoft Windows

The development of operating systems is accompanied by the development of the hardware , so that we distinguish between four -generation operating system . The first , which occurs fifties of the last century and includes mono-program work , the second generation which accounts for the emergence and application of multiprogramming and multiprocessor operating systems, and work in real time.

Third generation belongs to the period from the mid-sixties to mid- seventies and in it are important general operating systems with different modes and a fourth-generation operating system , which is the latest and supports the concept of a data model and distributed data processing. Along with the development of the operating system increases the number of functions as a set of tasks that the software operating system running efficiently.

In order to ensure the efficiency of computing resources , every operating system must be resolved in a way of general functions , such as:

• task management operations ( Job Management)
• Data Management (Data Management)
• management of inputs and outputs ( Device Management )
• memory management (Memory Management )
• treatment interruption ( Interrupt Handling )
• allocation of CPU ( Processor Scheduling)
• Protection ( Protection)
• support for remote processing (TP Monitoring)
• interpretation and execution of control- control commands ( J / CL) …

There are “very ” large number of operating systems , and in this seminar paper we will discuss the most popular ones :

• WINDOWS
• LINUX
• MAC OS

WINDOWS

Microsoft Windows is an operating system created by Microsoft , and Is currently the most popular desktop operating system in use . It has been Installed on the majority of new computers .

Microsoft in the early nineties of the 20th century introduced an operating system with a graphical environment called Windows . At first, the new operating system would only add up to a very popular , DOS and has the Windows3x . Separate operating system appeared in 1995. years and was named Windows 95 From the very beginning of Windows supports the work with the mouse , icons, menus , the ability to run programs at the same time and easy transition from one application to another .

Windows is an independent operating system. The Windows until version 95 is the operating system , because it could not independently be executed . He previously was a new environment , which was a upgrade for outdated DOS. This included the installation of conditional DOS to Windows function . He also supported Internet and easy online communication .

Operating systems

Operating system is one of the most important part of the software used by the computer. No computer operating system is useless piece of metal and wires that can be used only as decoration . If the hardware is said to be the heart of your computer , then the operating system is its soul . Entrust the handling of operating system applications , proper utilization of resources as well as the security of our data – that is why operating systems deserve special attention.

The choice of operating system is nothing easier than choosing a computer . There are many more or less known / used operating system from Unix, Linux to MacOS from Windows to OS / 2 , the RISC OS to BeOS and …

History and Development

The term “operating system” in the classical sense means the software is required for the performance ( application ) programs and to coordinate the activities of the computer system . This software may include resource allocation procedure of a computer system , control of input- output operations , memory management , data management , translation of programming languages ​​, etc. .

Keylogger software runs with the help of operating system and helps its users to control everything that is done on the computer it is installed on. The operating system is often referred to as the control and management software, and it allows the operation of the hardware components ( processors work with other parts of the system) . Software operating system are great programs that are not significantly different from the other programs, the only difference is in the size and complexity of the software application of general programming techniques . The computer cannot run without the operating system , and of course , the same computer can run multiple operating systems .

The first version of IBM compatible personal computers were able to monitor print only characters ( letters, numbers and some special characters ) .  The development of the computer industry leads to the monitor at some point you have an activity , then divide the screen in demarcated areas , and in each of these areas have some activity . The most graphic way of working is based on Windows ( windows ) and here we have the appearance of each window function independently .

The development of the operating system was followed by the development of a variety of malware ( viruses , trojans , spyware , etc. ) which is one of the main objectives of data theft by example . credit card numbers , and with the other hand and the development of on – line communities ( Security Forum ), which helps users to protect their computers from the aforementioned malware and hackers use various programs for protection eg . Anti -virus , Firewall … and expert advice for effective protection .